There are complications in relating admixture sources to contemporary populations. We also stress that the use of Khoesan in the current setting refers to groups with shared linguistic characteristics which does not necessarily imply shared close genealogical relationships (Güldemann and Fehn, 2014). For example, multiple ethnic groups from The Gambia and Mali all show signs of sharing the same set of ancestors from West Africa, Europe and Asia who mixed around 2000 years ago. We outline the details of this analysis below, but note here that, because this approach is based on the comparison and analysis of painted chromosomes, it offers a different perspective from approaches based on comparisons of allele frequencies. This shift was long and complex and occurred at different speeds, instigating contrasting interactions between the agriculturalist pioneers and the inhabitant people (Mitchell, 2002; Marks et al., 2014). We determined the regional identity of the two populations used to generate Cmax. It is important to note that dates of admixture inferred through genetics will always be more recent than the date at which two populations have come together. 12) More generally, the manuscript is a bit too long; in particular, the Discussion and Abstract contain a substantial amount of content on genetic epidemiology and infectious disease that is only tangentially related to the analyses performed in the manuscript. Abstract (emphasis mine): In the last three decades, genetic studies have played an increasingly important role in exploring human history. Recall that for GLOBETROTTER analyses two painting steps are required. (2013) demonstrated that this theory holds even when using the admixed population itself as one of the reference populations. To summarise these events, we show the composition of the admixing source groups as barplots for each population coloured by the contribution from each African ancestry region and Eurasia, alongside the inferred date (with confidence interval determined by bootstrapping) and the estimated proportion of admixture (Figure 4). First, we used the classical measure FST (Hudson et al., 1992; Bhatia et al., 2013) which measures the differentiation in SNP allele frequencies between two groups. For each event in each ethnic group we show the largest inferred amplitude and date of an admixture event involving two reference populations (Pop1 and Pop2). Standard errors are computed using a block jackknife procedure in blocks of 500 SNPs (Supplementary file 2). In the central panel, for each source, we highlight the ancestry regions providing curves that are not significantly different from the best curves. To describe this more concisely, we now write: “The current dataset does not cover all of Africa. These observations are specific to groups in our analysis, and cannot be extended to other groups from similar populations; the seven ethnic groups from The Gambia were all collected in and around Banjul in the Western District, whereas the three ethnic groups from Ghana were collected from two hospitals in the north (Navrongo) and centre (Kumasi) of the country. In Nilo-Saharan speaking groups (purple), the Sudanese (1341CE: 1225–1660), Gumuz (1544CE: 1384–1718), Anuak (703: 427-1037CE), and Maasai (1646CE: 1584-1743CE), we infer greater proportions of West (blue) and East (orange) African Niger-Congo speaking surrogates in the major sources of admixture, indicating both that the Eurasian admixture occurred into groups with mixed Niger-Congo and Nilo-Saharan/Afroasiatic ancestry, and a clear recent link with Central and West African groups. Our findings suggest that a surprising consequence of antagonistic interactions between bacteria could be the promotion of adaptation via the action of directly mutagenic toxins. We provide supplementary analyses where this setting was over-ridden by allowing MALDER to start computing LD decay curves at short genetic distances (from 0.5cM), irrespective of any short-range correlations in LD between populations. (C) The third principle component (PC3, x-axis) represents geographical separation of Niger-Congo speakers, forming a cline from west to east Africans (D) results of the fineSTRUCTURE clustering analysis using copying vectors generated from chromosome painting; each row of the heatmap is a recipient copying vector showing the number of chunks shared between the recipient and every individual as a donor (columns);the tree clusters individuals with similar copying vectors together, such that block-like patterns are observed on the heat map; darker colours on the heatmap represent more haplotype sharing (see text for details); individual tips of the tree are coloured by country of origin, and the seven ancestry regions are identified and labelled to the left of the tree; labels in parentheses describe the major linguistic type of the ethnic groups within: AA = Afroasiatic, KS = Khoesan, NC = Niger-Congo, NS = Nilo-Saharan. Figure 3—figure supplement 1 shows comparative plots to those by Pickrell et al. We refer to the estimated coefficient for the lthpopulation as β^lk; to avoid over-fitting we exclude all populations for which β^lk< 0.001 and rescale so that ∑l≠kKβ^lk=1.0. Featured image contains simplified origin and data of samples studied, from the article. Our analysis provides an estimate of the timing of this expansion (Figure 5). The New Penguin History of the World, London, UK, Penguin Books. We admit that there are other areas of the continent where we do not have samples, and that this will have affected our interpretation of events. We use a genome-wide, haplotype-based, analysis to characterise the structure of genetic diversity and gene-flow in a collection of 48 sub-Saharan African groups. Global associations of national economic wealth are more robust with inflammatory bowel diseases than with obesity. We used MALDER (Pickrell et al., 2014), an implementation of ALDER designed to fit multiple exponentials to LD decay curves and therefore characterise multiple admixture events to allele frequency data. in two-population mode). Advertisement Specifically, we have (1) converted the date confidence intervals (CI) from +/- 1 standard error (SE) to +/- 1.96 SE to be more closely comparative to the 95% CIs generated by GLOBETROTTER, and (2) we have put dotted vertical lines at 1000 year intervals. Half (23) of the African groups represent subsets of samples collected from nine countries as part of the MalariaGEN consortium. 2014) and found to provide date estimates with tighter confidence intervals on simulated data than ROLLOF. Overall, approximately 80% of the AA genome is of West African ancestry and 20% of European Ancestry. Busby et al. We used the clustering algorithm implemented in fineSTRUCTURE (Lawson et al., 2012) to group individuals purely on the similarity of these copying vectors (Figure 1 and Figure 1—figure supplement 3). (2014), weighted LD curves can be used to identify the source of the gene-flow by comparing curves computed using different reference populations. For example, our analyses indicate that the Mossi share deep ancestry with Eurasian and Khoesan groups (Figure 3), but any description of the historical event leading to this observation is potentially biased by the discontinuity between extant populations and those present in Africa in the past. There are also several examples of humans adapting in response to infectious disease, for example at the LARGE gene in West Africans (Grossman et al., 2013), in response to pressure from Lassa fever, and at CR1 in response to malaria (Gurdasani et al., 2014). (2009), as implemented in the TREEMIX package (Pickrell and Pritchard, 2012). In a study based on glottochronology, Vansina (1995) suggests that the expansion started 5kya, whilst estimates based on linguistic diversity are slightly later, around 4kya (Blench, 2006). Analysis was by 2-sample T-test. Substituting these populations for their ancestry regions we get CKhoesan;Eurasiamax. Interpretation of such results is therefore challenging. Nevertheless, we explored whether our admixture approach could be used to gain insight into the Bantu expansion. Because of recombination, the identity of the closest relative will change depending on the admixture history between individual genomes. Nonetheless, the potential for genetic differences to underlie difference in disease should be guided by analyses of haplotype sharing between groups. Loh et al. 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Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Katharine Cook, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Kathryn Fitzpatrick, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Katja Kivinen, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Kerrin Small, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Kimberly J Johnson, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Kirk A Rockett, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Lee Hart, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Magnus Manske, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Marilyn McCreight, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Marryat Stevens, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Matti Pirinen, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Meike Hennsman, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Michael Parker, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Miguel SanJoaquin, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Nuno Seplúveda, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom, Olivia Cook, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Olivo Miotto, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Panos Deloukas, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Rachel Craik, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Rebecca Wrigley, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Renee Watson, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Richard Pearson, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Robert Hutton, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Samuel Oyola, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Sarah Auburn, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Shivang Shah, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Si Quang Le, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Sile Molloy, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Susan Bull, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Susana Campino, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Taane G Clark, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Valentín Ruano-Rubio, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom, Victoria Cornelius, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Yik Ying Teo, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Patrick Corran, National Institute for Biological Standards, South Mimms, United Kingdom, Nilupa De Silva, National Institute for Biological Standards, South Mimms, United Kingdom, Paul Risley, National Institute for Biological Standards, South Mimms, United Kingdom, Alan Doyle, The Wellcome Trust, London, United Kingdom, Jennifer Evans, Bernhard-Nocht-Institut fúr Tropenmedizin, Hamburg, Germany, Rolf Horstmann, Bernhard-Nocht-Institut fúr Tropenmedizin, Hamburg, Germany, Chris Plowe, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Maryland, Baltimore, United States, Patrick Duffy, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, United States, Dan Carucci, Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States, Michael Gottleib, Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States, Adama Tall, The Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal, Alioune Badara Ly, The Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal, Amagana Dolo, The Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal, Anavaj Sakuntabhai, The Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal, Odile Puijalon, The Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal, Abdou Bah, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, Gambia, Abdoulie Camara, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, Gambia, Abubacar Sadiq, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, Gambia, Aja Abie Khan, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, Gambia, Amie Jobarteh, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, Gambia, Anthony Mendy, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, Gambia, Augustine Ebonyi, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, Gambia, Bakary Danso, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, Gambia, Bintou Taal, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, Gambia, Climent Casals-Pascual, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, Gambia, David J Conway, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, Gambia, Emmanuel Onykwelu, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, Gambia, Fatoumatta Sisay-Joof, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, Gambia, Giorgio Sirugo, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, Gambia, Haddy Kanyi, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, Gambia, Haddy Njie, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, Gambia, Herbert Obu, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, Gambia, Horeja Saine, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, Gambia, Idrissa Sambou, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, Gambia, Ismaela Abubakar, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, Gambia, Jalimory Njie, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, Gambia, Janet Fullah, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, Gambia, Jula Jaiteh, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, Gambia, Kalifa A Bojang, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, Gambia, Kebba Jammeh, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, Gambia, Kumba Sabally-Ceesay, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, Gambia, Lamin Manneh, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, Gambia, Landing Camara, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, Gambia, Lawrence Yamoah, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, Gambia, Madi Njie, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, Gambia, Malick Njie, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, Gambia, Margaret Pinder, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, Gambia, Mariatou Jallow, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, Gambia, Mohammed Aiyegbo, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, Gambia, Momodou Jasseh, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, Gambia, Momodou Lamin Keita, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, Gambia, Momodou Saidy-Khan, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, Gambia, Muminatou Jallow, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, Gambia, Ndey Ceesay, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, Gambia, Oba Rasheed, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, Gambia, Pa Lamin Ceesay, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, Gambia, Pamela Esangbedo, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, Gambia, Ramou Cole-Ceesay, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, Gambia, Rasaq Olaosebikan, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, Gambia, Simon Correa, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, Gambia, Sophie Njie, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, Gambia, Stanley Usen, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, Gambia, Yaya Dibba, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, Gambia, Abdoulaye Barry, University Of Bamako, Bamako, Mali, Abdoulaye Djimdé, University Of Bamako, Bamako, Mali, Abdourahmane H Sall, University Of Bamako, Bamako, Mali, Amadou Abathina, University Of Bamako, Bamako, Mali, Amadou Niangaly, University Of Bamako, Bamako, Mali, Awa Dembele, University Of Bamako, Bamako, Mali, Belco Poudiougou, University Of Bamako, Bamako, Mali, Elizabeth Diarra, University Of Bamako, Bamako, Mali, Kariatou Bamba, University Of Bamako, Bamako, Mali, Mahamadou A Thera, University Of Bamako, Bamako, Mali, Ogobara Doumbo, University Of Bamako, Bamako, Mali, Ousmane Toure, University Of Bamako, Bamako, Mali, Salimata Konate, University Of Bamako, Bamako, Mali, Sibiry Sissoko, University Of Bamako, Bamako, Mali, Mahamadou Diakite, University Of Bamako, Bamako, Mali, Amadou T Konate, Centre National De Recherche Et De Formation Sur Le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, David Modiano, Centre National De Recherche Et De Formation Sur Le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, Edith C Bougouma, Centre National De Recherche Et De Formation Sur Le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, Germana Bancone, Centre National De Recherche Et De Formation Sur Le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, Issa N Ouedraogo, Centre National De Recherche Et De Formation Sur Le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, Jaques Simpore, Centre National De Recherche Et De Formation Sur Le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, Sodiomon B Sirima, Centre National De Recherche Et De Formation Sur Le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, Valentina D Mangano, Centre National De Recherche Et De Formation Sur Le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, Marita Troye-Blomberg, Centre National De Recherche Et De Formation Sur Le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, Abraham R Oduro, Noguchi Memorial Institute For Medical Research, Legon, Ghana, Abraham V O Hodgson, Noguchi Memorial Institute For Medical Research, Legon, Ghana, Anita Ghansah, Noguchi Memorial Institute For Medical Research, Legon, Ghana, Francis Nkrumah, Noguchi Memorial Institute For Medical Research, Legon, Ghana, Frank Atuguba, Noguchi Memorial Institute For Medical Research, Legon, Ghana, Kwadwo A Koram, Noguchi Memorial Institute For Medical Research, Legon, Ghana, Lucas N Amenga-Etego, Noguchi Memorial Institute For Medical Research, Legon, Ghana, Michael D Wilson, Noguchi Memorial Institute For Medical Research, Legon, Ghana, Nana Akosua Ansah, Noguchi Memorial Institute For Medical Research, Legon, Ghana, Nathan Mensah, Noguchi Memorial Institute For Medical Research, Legon, Ghana, Patrick A Ansah, Noguchi Memorial Institute For Medical Research, Legon, Ghana, Thomas Anyorigiya, Noguchi Memorial Institute For Medical Research, Legon, Ghana, Victor Asoala, Noguchi Memorial Institute For Medical Research, Legon, Ghana, William O Rogers, Noguchi Memorial Institute For Medical Research, Legon, Ghana, Alex Osei Akoto, Kwame Nkrumah University Of Science And Technology, Kumasi, Ghana, Alex Owusu Ofori, Kwame Nkrumah University Of Science And Technology, Kumasi, Ghana, Anthony Enimil, Kwame Nkrumah University Of Science And Technology, Kumasi, Ghana, Daniel Ansong, Kwame Nkrumah University Of Science And Technology, Kumasi, Ghana, David Sambian, Kwame Nkrumah University Of Science And Technology, Kumasi, Ghana, Emmanuel Asafo-Agyei, Kwame Nkrumah University Of Science And Technology, Kumasi, Ghana, Justice Sylverken, Kwame Nkrumah University Of Science And Technology, Kumasi, Ghana, Sampson Antwi, Kwame Nkrumah University Of Science And Technology, Kumasi, Ghana, Tsiri Agbenyega, Kwame Nkrumah University Of Science And Technology, Kumasi, Ghana, Adebola E Orimadegun, University Of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, Folakemi Anjol Amodu, University Of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, Olajumoke Oni, University Of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, Olayemi O Omotade, University Of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, Olukemi Amodu, University Of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, Subulade Olaniyan, University Of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, Andre Ndi, University Of Buea, Buea, Cameroon, Clarisse Yafi, University Of Buea, Buea, Cameroon, Eric Akum Achidi, University Of Buea, Buea, Cameroon, Eric Mbunwe, University Of Buea, Buea, Cameroon, Judith Anchang-Kimbi, University Of Buea, Buea, Cameroon, Regina Mugri, University Of Buea, Buea, Cameroon, Richard Besingi, University Of Buea, Buea, Cameroon, Tobias O Apinjoh, University Of Buea, Buea, Cameroon, Vincent Titanji, University Of Buea, Buea, Cameroon, Ahmed Elhassan, University Of Khatoum, Khartoum, Sudan, Ayman Hussein, University Of Khatoum, Khartoum, Sudan, Hiba Mohamed, University Of Khatoum, Khartoum, Sudan, Ibrahim Elhassan, University Of Khatoum, Khartoum, Sudan, Muntaser Ibrahim, University Of Khatoum, Khartoum, Sudan, Gilbert Kokwaro, KEMRI-Wellcome Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya, Tom Oluoch, KEMRI-Wellcome Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya, Alexander Macharia, KEMRI-Wellcome Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya, Carolyne M Ndila, KEMRI-Wellcome Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya, Charles Newton, KEMRI-Wellcome Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya, Daniel H Opi, KEMRI-Wellcome Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya, Dorcas Kamuya, KEMRI-Wellcome Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya, Evasius Bauni, KEMRI-Wellcome Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya, Kevin Marsh, KEMRI-Wellcome Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya, Norbert Peshu, KEMRI-Wellcome Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya, Sassy Molyneux, KEMRI-Wellcome Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya, Sophie Uyoga, KEMRI-Wellcome Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya, Thomas N Williams, KEMRI-Wellcome Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya, Vicki Marsh, KEMRI-Wellcome Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya, Alphaxard Manjurano, Joint Malaria Programme, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, London, United Kingdom, Behzad Nadjm, Joint Malaria Programme, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, London, United Kingdom, Caroline Maxwell, Joint Malaria Programme, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, London, United Kingdom, Chris Drakeley, Joint Malaria Programme, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, London, United Kingdom, Eleanor Riley, Joint Malaria Programme, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, London, United Kingdom, Frank Mtei, Joint Malaria Programme, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, London, United Kingdom, George Mtove, Joint Malaria Programme, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, London, United Kingdom, Hannah Wangai, Joint Malaria Programme, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, London, United Kingdom, Hugh Reyburn, Joint Malaria Programme, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, London, United Kingdom, Sarah Joseph, Joint Malaria Programme, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, London, United Kingdom, Deus Ishengoma, National Institute For Medical Research, Tanga, Tanzania, Martha Lemnge, National Institute For Medical Research, Tanga, Tanzania, Theonest Mutabingwa, National Institute For Medical Research, Tanga, Tanzania, Julie Makani, Muhimbili University Of Health And Allied Sciences, The University Of Dar Es Salaam, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania, Sharon Cox, Muhimbili University Of Health And Allied Sciences, The University Of Dar Es Salaam, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania, Ajib Phiri, Blantyre Malaria Project With Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi, Annie Munthali, Blantyre Malaria Project With Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi, David Kachala, Blantyre Malaria Project With Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi, Labes Njiragoma, Blantyre Malaria Project With Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi, Malcolm E Molyneux, Blantyre Malaria Project With Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi, Mike Moore, Blantyre Malaria Project With Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi, Neema Ntunthama, Blantyre Malaria Project With Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi, Paul Pensulo, Blantyre Malaria Project With Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi, Terrie Taylor, Blantyre Malaria Project With Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi, Vysaul Nyirongo, Blantyre Malaria Project With Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi, Richard Carter, The University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka, Deepika Fernando, The University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka, Nadira Karunaweera, The University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka, Rajika Dewasurendra, The University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka, Prapat Suriyaphol, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Pratap Singhasivanon, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Cameron P Simmons, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, Cao Quang Thai, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, Dinh Xuan Sinh, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, Jeremy Farrar, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, Ly Van Chuong, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, Nguyen Hoan Phu, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, Nguyen T Hieu, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, Nguyen Thi Hoang Mai, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, Nguyen Thi Ngoc Quyen, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, Nicholas Day, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, Sarah J Dunstan, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, Sean E O'Riordan, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, Tran Thi Hong Chau, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, Tran Tinh Hien, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, Angela Allen, Papua New Guinea Institute For Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea, Enmoore Lin, Papua New Guinea Institute For Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea, Harin Karunajeewa, Papua New Guinea Institute For Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea, Ivo Mueller, Papua New Guinea Institute For Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea, John Reeder, Papua New Guinea Institute For Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea, Laurens Manning, Papua New Guinea Institute For Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea, Moses Laman, Papua New Guinea Institute For Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea, Pascal Michon, Papua New Guinea Institute For Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea, Peter Siba, Papua New Guinea Institute For Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea, Stephen Allen, Papua New Guinea Institute For Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea, Timothy M E Davis, Papua New Guinea Institute For Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea, Joseph K Pickrell, New York Genome Center and Columbia University, United States.
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